Cisco routers rely on keepalive frames when deciding about the state of the line protocol. If four keepalives have been missed, the line protocol will be declared down. For troubleshooting, please refer to Table 15-1 ("Serial Lines: show interfaces serial Status Line Conditions") in "Troubleshooting Serial Line Problems" on:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/itg_v1/tr1915.htm