Is the IP Phone sit in the same Vlan with other users? There is a feature called time-range ACL and port security on the Catalyst 3750 you can use.
With port security, you can locked the switch port to allow only 1 MAC Address to connect through the port (hard-code the MAC on the port).
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps5023/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a008021272b.html#wp1038552
For time-range ACL, you can allow other hosts (based on IP) to pass though and denied IPPhone within specific hour. But you need to know the tcp/udp port used by the service. Maybe denying the port that initiate the call will block all opening of the other ports used by the IPPhone.
Maybe you need to create time-range for the IPPhone and other TCP/UDP traffics. Permit other, except the IPPhone.
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps5023/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a0080212683.html#wp1285654